Table on amino acids and codons.

The investigation started in the 1980th - without prejudices - with a table of 20 + 4 codons (Table I) with and A-, N- and Z-numbers of side-chains (R) of the coded amino acids (ams), 4 ams having two different codons. Most common isotopes were used.
Hence, codons where the choice of purine bases U and C in 3rd position or of pyrimidine bases A and G in 3rd position makes no difference was counted as one and the same, as when 3rd base makes no difference at all (called "2-base-coded", generally in the literature called "degenerated"). The 4 ams with double codons are Arg CG + AG-A/G, Ser UC + AG-U/C, Leu CU + UU-A/G and Ileu AU-U/C + AUA, only differing in 3rd base type.

In these files all numbers will refer to atomic mass (nucleon number) and to side-chains (R) of ams where nothing else is mentioned.

Table 1: Codons and A-, N, Z-numbers in side chains of 20 + 4 amino acids:

1st base	2nd base	Ams	N	Z	A	..........	A	Z	N	Ams	1st base	2nd base
G1	G	Gly	-	1	1		1	1	-	Gly	G	G2
	C	Ala	6	9	15		101	56	45	Arg1	C
	U	Val	18	25	43		130	69	61	Trp	U
	A	Asp	28	31	59		47	25	22	Cys	U
	A	Glu	34	39	73		31	17	14	Ser2	A
							101	56	45	Arg2	A
Sum	5		86	105	191		411	224	187		6	Sum
C1	G	Arg1	45	56	101		15	9	6	Ala	G	C2
	C	Pro	18	24	42		42	24	18	Pro	C
	U	Leu1	24	33	57		31	17	14	Ser1	U
	A	Gln	33	39	72		45	25	20	Thr	A
	A	His	38	43	81
Sum	5		158	195	353		133	75	58		4
G1+C1	10		244	300	*544*		*544*	299	245		10	G2+C2
U1	G	Cys	22	25	47		43	25	18	Val	G	U2
	G	Trp	61	69	130		57	33	24	Leu1	C
	C	Ser1	14	17	31		57	33	24	Leu2	U
	U	Leu2	24	33	57		91	49	42	Phe	U
	U	Phe	42	49	91		57	33	24	Ile1	A
	A	Tyr	50	57	107		57	33	24	Ile2*	A*
							75	41	34	Meth	A
Sum	6		213	250	463		437	247	190		7
A1	G	Ser2	14	!7	31		59	31	28	Asp	G	A2
	G	Arg2	45	56	101		73	39	34	Glu	G
	C	Thr	20	25	45		72	39	33	Gln	C
	U	Ile1	24	33	57		81	43	38	His	C
	U	Ile2*	24	33	57		107	57	50	Tyr	U
	U	Meth	34	41	75		58	31	27	Asn	A
	A	Asn	27	31	58		73	42	31	Lys	A
	A	Lys	31	42	73
Sum	8		219	278	497		523	282	241		7
U1+A1	14		432	528	*960*		*960*	529	431		14	U2+A2

*Ile, AU-codon, only differing in type of 3rd base.

(Other tables on different pairing of codon groups of ams, atom kinds and atomic numbers are give here in word.)

First observations:

First to notice is that the mass sums of the two main groups with G+C-codons and U+A-codons become the same in 1st and 2nd base order, 544 and 960.
It implies that mass sums of ams with mixed codons changing position between the groups are the same, 385 (Table 2). These groups showed astonishing regularities, which seemed to support the hypothesis that mass distribution of ams on different codons wasn't a random one. Note the approximately equal sums horizontally and vertically, Table 2:

Table 2: Mixed codons 12 amino acids, sum 385:

The table is closer studied in file The two 12-groups of ams.

It led to a division of the 24 codons in 2 main groups of 12 ams, the other = 2 times 367, (Table 3), which doesn't show the same regularity as the other:

Table 3: Non-mixed codons. 12 amino acids, sum 734:

This way of counting and organizing codons seems deviating from most other research.

We get 4 subgroups of codons, here called Form-, Cross-, Pair- and RNA-codons:

Form-coded: GA, AG, UC, CU, 6 ams, sum 352
Cross-coded: GU, UG, CA, AC, 6 ams, sum 418...2 x 385 = 770
These two in Table 2.
Pair-coded: GG, CC, UU, AA, 6 ams, sum 322
RNA-coded: GC, CG, UA, AU, 6 ams, sum 412...2 x 367 = 734
These two in Table 4.

Note in Table 3:
G1 + A1, 175 + 177 = 352, give the same mass as the Form-coded ams,
U1 + C1, 208 + 210 = 418, give the same mass as the Cross-coded ams.

Before going on with the analysis, two annotations:

Survey of totals:
With mass in unbound backbone chains (B, B-chains) à 74 A, - 1 in the four ams Arg1 and 2, Lys and Pro. and mass 56 in bound ams, this gives following survey of totals:

24 ams: R: 1504, B unbound 1772, sum 3276 A,
24 ams: R: 1504, B bound 1344, sum 2848 A.
N-Z: R: 828 Z, 676 N, R+B: 1516 N, 1760 Z, unbound ams.

Cf. for instance codon domains when we count on two sets of ams R+B, 1st plus 2nd base order, file 17 short files, 2.6.

Simple variations of the elementary number chain 5-4-3-2-1-0:

There are some simple variations of the elementary number chain (5-4-3-2-1-0), closer dealt with in files in section II, files 12-16, that more or less approximately give the division between some main codon groups of ams, G+C and U+A, but also other more detailed ones.
Hypothetically such simpler chains on integers 5→0 with exponents 4, 1, 3, 2 could underlie the more developed and differentiated chain in this section, precede this in a perhaps "inflationary" evolution of the code or represent underlying levels? Here only a couple of examples:
Reading the simple chain as triplets 543+432+321+210 gives 543 (G-C-group -1, U-A-group 960 +3,

Fig 2-1: The triplet series 543 - 432 etc.

Sum 1506 = total of 20 + 4 ams R, +2.

With exponent 4 the main division 544 - 960 (+2) derives from first three numbers 5⁴-4⁴-3⁴ plus/minus 3rd number 81: G-C-group 544 = 625 - 81, U-A-group 960 (+2) = 625 + 256 + 81.

With exponent 2 in the 2x²-chain behind the periodic system, times a factor 16, several different codon-groups of ams appear (+/-1), the main division showed in figure. 2-2:

Fig. 2-2: Relations to 2x²-series, 34-26-60 times a factor 16: